Values & variables

The vocabulary every Hale program is built from.

A variable is introduced with let:

let greeting = "hello";
let count    = 3;
let ratio    = 0.5;
let ready    = true;

Hale infers the type from the value. You can write it explicitly when you want to be sure, or when there’s no value to infer from:

let count: Int = 3;

Immutable by default

A plain let binding can’t be reassigned. To make a variable you can change, add mut:

let total = 0;
total = total + 1;        // ERROR: total is immutable

let mut total = 0;
total = total + 1;        // fine

Immutable-by-default is a per-binding property, not a property of the type. There’s no separate “constant” concept for locals — let is the constant, let mut is the variable. (Top-level program constants use const NAME: T = ...; and are written SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE.)

Shadowing — declaring a second let x in the same scope — is not allowed. Pick a new name. The language would rather you say what you mean than quietly reuse a name for a different value.

The primitive types

These are the scalar types built into the language:

Decimal, Duration, and Time are first-class — not strings you parse, not integers you remember the units of. They get their own chapter (Math, money & time) because they’re a real ergonomic upgrade over what most languages give you.

Underscores in number literals are just for readability (1_000_000). Integers default to Int, decimals-with-a-point default to Float; the d suffix makes a Decimal.

Strings

Double-quoted, with the usual escapes (\n, \t, \", \\, \xNN). Three extra forms:

let raw   = r"C:\not\escaped";        // raw — backslashes literal
let multi = """
    spans
    lines
    """;                               // triple-quoted
let name  = "world";
let hi    = f"hello {name}";           // f-string interpolation

An f-string evaluates the expressions inside {...} and renders them into the text. Use {{ and }} for literal braces.

Printing values

println and print take any number of arguments and concatenate them. to_string turns a value into text when you need it as a String:

fn main() {
    let n = 41;
    println("n + 1 = ", n + 1);        // n + 1 = 42
    let s = to_string(n + 1);          // "42"
    println(s);
}

println, print, to_string, and len are builtins — called as plain functions, not methods. You write len(s), not s.len(). (Methods with . come later, on loci and your own types.)

Next: Math, money & time.